Visual Programming

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Doesn't everyone agree that VP is great?

No. In fact, some well-respected people have nothing but contempt for the visual representation of software. In a very famous article [Brooks87] Fred Brooks says this:

A favorite subject for PhD dissertations in software engineering is graphical, or visual, programming - the application of computer graphics to software design.... Nothing even convincing, much less exciting, has yet emerged from such efforts. I am persuaded that nothing will.
Of course, Brooks' arguments contain several weaknesses:
  1. He focuses on flowchart-based control-flow diagrams.
  2. He is worried about screen size in pixels. Phil Cox has presented a strong argument why this may not be meaningful.
  3. I think he misunderstands the power of multiple views - not superimposed views.

What about Visual Basic and Visual C++?

Visual Basic and the entire Microsoft Visual (tm) family are not, despite their names, visual programming languages. They are textual languages which use a graphical gui builder to make programming decent interfaces easier on the programmer.




What is the Deutsch Limit?

A term made up by Fred Lakin describing a comment Peter Deutsch made at a VL talk by Scott Kim and Warren Robinett about a visual machine language they had invented.

Deutsch said something like:

"Well, this is all fine and well, but the problem with visual programming languages is that you can't have more than 50 visual primitives on the screen at the same time. How are you going to write an operating system?"
This points out the obvious density advantage of text. This barrier has become known as the "Deutsch Limit," stated as:
The problem with visual programming is that you can't have more than 50 visual primitives on the screen at the same time.
This is clearly a problem with visual representations. However, it is not immediately clear to me that a similar limit does not also exist in textual languages. Visual Programming Bibliography

Visual Programming Books



Visual Programming

Visual Programming Languages




Elements




Visual Programming Examples

Visual Programming Examples




...when we teach children English, it is not our intent to teach them a pidgin language, but to gradually reveal the whole thing: the language that Jefferson and Russell wrote in, and with a few style shifts, the language that Shakespeare wrote in...We want learners of English to be able to aspire to the full range of expression the language makes possible. In Computer terms, the range of aspiration should extend at least to the kinds of applications purchased from professionals. By comparison, systems like Hypercard offer no more than a pidgin version of what is possible on the Macintosh.
- Alan Kay from the foreword to
Watch What I Do: Programming by Demonstration




Early Systems: 1966-1980
Graphical Program Editor
Ambit Grail
AutoProgrammer Query by Example
Plan2D Pygmalion
TinkerOutline

Visual Systems: 1981-1990
ML-like VL Prograph
Pict Programming by Rehearsal
Formal GAL
SmallStar PIGS
HI-Visual LanView
PC-Tiles Show and Tell
ThingLab Tinker Toy
ARK C^2
Fabrik SunPICT
Miro NoPumpG
Novis Chimera


Modern Systems: 1991-1995

Cube Forms/3
Cantata AVS
Hence 1.4 Mondrian
SchemePaint ChemTrains
CODE 2.0 HyperPascal
Iconicode Vampire
Viasvis VIPR
MViews SPE
Starlogo Escalante
PhonePro WinPict
Agentsheets Self
VisSim

Hypercard, Visual Basic or Visual C++
are NOT Visual Languages



Early Work


Visual Systems


Modern Systems


Taxonomy of Visual Languages and Bibliography

Authors are encouraged to contribute bibiography entries for their own papers. Submissions should be e-mailed to Margaret Burnett at Oregon State University (burnett@cs.orst.edu) with the phrase "VPL Classification" in the subject header. A more detailed explanation of the classification scheme is available in the technical report, which, if you are using Mosaic, can be downloaded in PostScript form by selecting "Load to local disk" from the "Options" menu and clicking here. The tech report is also available via anonymous FTP at ftp.cs.orst.edu in the pub/burnett directory under the filename of VPLclassification.tr.ps.



Table of Contents


VPL: Visual Programming Languages

Acknowledgments
Related Information


VPL: VISUAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES


Burnett, Margaret M. and Marla J. Baker, A Classification System for Visual Programming Languages, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 287-300, September 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL: Visual Programming Languages

Burnett, Margaret, Richard Hossli, Timothy Pulliam, Brian VanVoorst, and Xiaoyang Yang, Toward Visual Programming Languages for Steering in Scientific Visualization: a Taxonomy, IEEE Computational Science & Engineering, 44-62, Winter 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL: Visual Programming Languages, VPL-V.D: Scientific visualization languages


VPL-I: Environments and Tools for VPLs


Nagl M., Andreas Schuerr, A Specification Environment for Graph Grammars, Proc. 4th Int. Workshop on Graph-Grammars and Their Application to Computer Science, LNCS 532, Springer Verlag, 599-609, 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-I: Environments and Tools for VPLs

Schuerr, Andreas, PROGRES, A Visual Language and Environment for Programming with Graph Rewrite Systems, Technical Report AIB 94-11, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-I: Environments and Tools for VPLs


VPL-II: Language Classifications



Boursier, P. and M. Mainguenaud, Spatial Query Languages : Extended SQL vs. Visual Languages vs. Hypermaps, 5th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Charleston, USA, August 3-7, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II: Language Classifications

VPL-II.A: Paradigms



VPL-II.A.1: Concurrent languages


Glinert, Ephraim P. and Charles D. Norton, Novis: A Visual Laboratory for Exploring the Design of Processor Arrays, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Vol. 3, Number 2, 135-159, June 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: Novis, VPL-II.A.1: Concurrent languages, VPL-II.B.2: Iconic languages, VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches, VPL-VI.C.6: Visual representation issues

Norton, Charles D. and Ephraim P. Glinert, A Visual Environment for Designing and Simulating Execution of Processor Arrays, 1990 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Skokie, Illinois, 227-232, October 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: Novis, VPL-II.A.1: Concurrent languages, VPL-II.B.2: Iconic languages, VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches, VPL-VI.C.6: Visual representation issues


VPL-II.A.2: Constraint-based languages


M. Paltrinieri, A Visual Environment for Constraint Programming (Poster Paper), 11th IEEE International Symposium on Visual Languages, Darmstadt, Germany, September 5-9, 1995.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.2: Constraint-based languages


VPL-II.A.3: Data-flow languages


Harvey, N. and J. Morris, NL: A General Purpose Visual Dataflow Language, Technical Report, University of Tasmania, October 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.3: Data-flow languages, VPL-V.A: General-purpose languages

Koelma, D., R. van Balen, and A. Smeulders, SCIL-VP: a multi-purpose visual programming environment, Proceedings of the 1992 ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, 1188-1198, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.3: Data-flow languages, VPL-III.A.2: Procedural abstraction, VPL-VI.C.4: Scope


VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages


Ambler, Allen L. and Margaret M. Burnett, Visual Languages and the Conflict Between Single Assignment and Iteration, 1989 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Rome, Italy, 138-143, Oct. 1989.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/2, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.B: Control flow

Ambler, Allen L. and Margaret M. Burnett, Visual Forms of Iteration that Preserve Single Assignment, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 1(2), Academic Press, June 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/2, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.B: Control flow

Burnett, Margaret M. and Allen L. Ambler, Generalizing Event Detection and Response in Visual Programming Languages, 1992 Proceedings of Advanced Visual Interfaces International Workshop, Rome, Italy, May 27-29, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.A: Abstraction, VPL-III.E: Event handling

Burnett, Margaret M. and Allen L. Ambler, A Declarative Approach to Event-Handling in Visual Programming Languages, 1992 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Seattle, WA, 34-40, Sept. 15-18, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.A: Abstraction, VPL-III.E: Event handling

Burnett, Margaret M. and Allen L. Ambler, Interactive Visual Data Abstraction in a Declarative Visual Programming Language, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 29-60, March 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.A.1: Data abstraction, VPL-III.E: Event handling

Carlson, Paul and Margaret Burnett, Integrating Algorithm Animation into a Declarative Visual Programming Language (poster paper), 1995 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Darmstadt, Germany, September 1995.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages

Hays, Judith G. and Margaret M. Burnett, A Guided Tour of Forms/3, Oregon State University, Dept. of Computer Science, TR 95-60-6, June 1995.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages

Pandey, Rajeev and Margaret Burnett, Is It Easier to Write Matrix Manipulation Programs Visually or Textually? An Empirical Study, 1993 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Bergen, Norway, August 24-27, 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Yang, S. and M. Burnett, From Concrete Forms to Generalized Abstractions through Perspective-Oriented Analysis of Logical Relationships, 1994 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, St. Louis, MO, 6-14, October 4-7, 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages

van Zee, P. and M. Burnett, Exception Handling in the Visual Programming Language Forms/3, Oregon State University, Dept. of Computer Science, TR 95-60-1, March 1995.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.A.F: Exception handling


VPL-II.A.5: Functional languages


Cordy, James R. and T. C. Nicholas Graham, GVL: Visual Specification of Graphical Output, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 3, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.5: Functional languages, VPL-V.E: User-interface generation languages

Graham, T. C. Nicholas and Tore Urnes, Relational Views as a Model for Automatic Distributed Implementation of Multi-User Applications, Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Toronto, October 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.5: Functional languages, VPL-V.E: User-interface generation languages

Lakin, Fred, Computing with Text-Graphic Forms, Proceedings of the LISP Conference, Stanford University, August 1980.
Keywords and Phrases: computing with text-graphic forms, visual pattern manipulation language, visual lisp, VPL-II.A.5: Functional languages, VPL-V.A: General-purpose languages, VPL-IV.D: Translators (interpreters and compilers)

Standing, C. and G. Roy, A Functional, Visual Programming Interface to Geographical Information Systems, Proceedings of OZCHI, Melbourne, Australia, 209-214, Nov. 28 - Dec. 1, 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.5: Functional languages

Standing, C. and G. Roy, The Integration of Functional and Visual Programming for the Development of a Knowledge Based Interface, Proceedings of the IFIP 2.6 International Conference on Visual Database Systems (VDB-3), Lausanne, Switzerland, 287-298, March 27-29, 1995.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.5: Functional languages


VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages


Schuerr, Andreas, Introduction to PROGRES, an Attribute Graph Grammar Based Specification Language, Proc. WG'89 Workshop on Graphtheoretic Concepts in Computer Science, LNCS 411, (Nagl M., ed.), Springer Verlag, 151-165, 1989.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages

Schuerr, Andreas, PROGRES: A VHL-Language Based on Graph Grammars, Proc. 4th Int. Workshop on Graph-Grammars and Their Application to Computer Science, LNCS 532, Springer Verlag, 641-659, 1991. also: Technical Report AIB 90-16, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages

Schuerr, Andreas, Rapid Programming with Graph Rewrite Rules, USENIX Symposium Proc. on Very High Level Languages (VHLL), USENIX Association, 83-100, 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages

Schuerr, Andreas, A. Zuendorf, Nondeterministic Control Structures for Graph Rewriting Systems, Proc. WG'91 Workshop in Graph-theoretic Concepts in Computer Science, LNCS 570, Springer Verlag, 48-62, 1991. also: Technical Report AIB 91-17, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages


VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages


Lakin, Fred, Visual Grammars for Visual Languages, Proceedings of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, Washington, July 1987.
Keywords and Phrases: visual grammar notation, declarative programming, visual rules, formal visual languages, informal conversational graphics, visual lisp, visual emacs, vmacs, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs, VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages

Meyer, Bernd, Beyond Icons: Towards New Metaphors for Visual Query Languages for Spatial Information Systems, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Interfaces to Database Systems, Glasgow, 113-135, July 1992. (published by Springer, London, 1993).
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages, VPL-V.B: Database languages

Meyer, Bernd, Pictures Depicting Pictures - On the Specification of Visual Languages by Visual Grammars, Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Seattle, WA, 41-48, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Meyer, Bernd, Beyond Icons: Towards New Metaphors for Visual Query Languages for Spatial Information Systems, Computer Science Research Report No. 127, (Informatik Bericht Nr. 127), University of Hagen, Germany, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Meyer, Bernd, Deklarative Spezifikation visueller Sprachen durch graphische Beispiele oder: Ein Bild sagt mehr als tausend Formeln, 23. GI Jahrestagung, (Horst Reichel, ed.), (in German), Dresden, Germany, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 316-321, October 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Meyer, Bernd, Logic and the Structure of Space Towards a Visual Logic for Spatial Reasoning, Proceedings of the International Logic Programming Symposium, Vancouver, Canada, October 1993, (to appear). (published by MIT Press, 1993).
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs


VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages


Schuerr, Andreas, Introduction to PROGRES, an Attribute Graph Grammar Based Specification Language, Proc. WG'89 Workshop on Graphtheoretic Concepts in Computer Science, LNCS 411, (Nagl M., ed.), Springer Verlag, 151-165, 1989.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages

Schuerr, Andreas, PROGRES: A VHL-Language Based on Graph Grammars, Proc. 4th Int. Workshop on Graph-Grammars and Their Application to Computer Science, LNCS 532, Springer Verlag, 641-659, 1991. also: Technical Report AIB 90-16, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages

Schuerr, Andreas, Rapid Programming with Graph Rewrite Rules, USENIX Symposium Proc. on Very High Level Languages (VHLL), USENIX Association, 83-100, 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages

Schuerr, Andreas, A. Zuendorf, Nondeterministic Control Structures for Graph Rewriting Systems, Proc. WG'91 Workshop in Graph-theoretic Concepts in Computer Science, LNCS 570, Springer Verlag, 48-62, 1991. also: Technical Report AIB 91-17, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages


VPL-II.A.9: Object oriented languages


Burnett, M., A. Goldberg, and T. Lewis (editors), Visual Object-Oriented Programming: Concepts and Environments, Prentice-Hall/Manning, 1995.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.9: Object oriented languages


VPL-II.A.10: Programming-by-demonstration languages


Calcinelli, D. and M. Mainguenaud, The Management of the Ambiguities in a Graphical Query Language for Geographical Information Systems, 2nd Symposium on Large Spatial Databases, Lecture Notes in Computer Science no. 525, Zurich, Switzerland, August 28-30, 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.10: Programming-by-demonstration languages

Calcinelli, D. and M. Mainguenaud, Cigales : A Visual Query Language for Geographical Information System : The User Interface, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Academic press, (to appear).
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.10: Programming-by-demonstration languages

Mainguenaud, M., GEOG: Geographical Queries Using Graphs, Advanced Database System Symposium, Kyoto, Japan, December 7-8, 1989. (published by Information Processing Society of Japan, 1989).
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.10: Programming-by-demonstration languages

Mainguenaud, M. and M. A. Portier, CIGALES : A Graphical Query Language for Geographical Information Systems, 4th International Symposium on Spatial Data Handling, Zurich, Switzerland, July 22-28, 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.10: Programming-by-demonstration languages


VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages


Bell, B., Using Programming Walkthroughs to Design a Visual Language, Ph.D. Thesis, Tech. Report CU-CS-581-92, University of Colorado, February 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Bell, B., W. Citrin, Specifying Network Communication Protocols with Graphical Transformation Rules. Proceedings of the International Workshop on Advanced Visual Interfaces, Rome, Italy, May 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages

Bell, B., C. Lewis, ChemTrains: A Language for Creating Behaving Pictures. Proceedings of the IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Bergen, Norway, 281-289, August 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages

Bell, B., J. Rieman, C. Lewis, Usability Testing of a Graphical Programming System: Things we missed in a programming walkthrough. Proceedings of CHI'91, New Orleans, 7-13, April 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Gindling, J., A. Ioannidou, J. Loh, O. Lokkebo and A. Repenning, LEGOsheets: A Rule-Based Programming, Simulation and Manipulation Environment for the LEGO Programmable Brick, Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Darmstadt, Germany, September 1995.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages

Repenning, A., Bending the Rules: Steps toward Semantically enriched Graphical Rewrite Rules, Proceedings of IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Darmstadt, Germany, September 1995.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages

Schuerr, Andreas, Introduction to PROGRES, an Attribute Graph Grammar Based Specification Language, Proc. WG'89 Workshop on Graphtheoretic Concepts in Computer Science, LNCS 411, (Nagl M., ed.), Springer Verlag, 151-165, 1989.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages

Schuerr, Andreas, PROGRES: A VHL-Language Based on Graph Grammars, Proc. 4th Int. Workshop on Graph-Grammars and Their Application to Computer Science, LNCS 532, Springer Verlag, 641-659, 1991. also: Technical Report AIB 90-16, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages

Schuerr, Andreas, Rapid Programming with Graph Rewrite Rules, USENIX Symposium Proc. on Very High Level Languages (VHLL), USENIX Association, 83-100, 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages

Schuerr, Andreas, A. Zuendorf, Nondeterministic Control Structures for Graph Rewriting Systems, Proc. WG'91 Workshop in Graph-theoretic Concepts in Computer Science, LNCS 570, Springer Verlag, 48-62, 1991. also: Technical Report AIB 91-17, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages


VPL-II.B: Visual representations



VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages


Lakin, Fred, Visual Languages for Cooperation, NSF workshop on Technology and Cooperative Work, Tucson, Arizona, February 1988; reprinted as a chapter in Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technical Bases of Collaborative Work, (Carmen Egido, Jolene Galegher, and Robert Kraut, eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers, 453-488, 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: text-graphic query, visual languages for collaborative work, task structure diagrams, visual lisp, visual emacs, vmacs, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages, VPL-V.B: Database languages

Meyer, Bernd, Beyond Icons: Towards New Metaphors for Visual Query Languages for Spatial Information Systems, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Interfaces to Database Systems, Glasgow, 113-135, July 1992. (published by Springer, London, 1993).
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages, VPL-V.B: Database languages

Papantonakis, Anthony, Peter J.H. King, Gql, a Declarative Graphical Query Language Based on the Functional Data Model, Proceedings of the Workshop on Advanced Visual Interfaces AVI 1994, Bari Italy, (T.Catarci,M. Costabile, S. Levialdi, G. Santucci, eds.), ACM Press, 113-122, 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages, VPL-V.B: Database languages

Papantonakis, Anthony, Peter J.H. King, Syntax and Semantics of Gql, a Graphical Query Language, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Special issue on Visual Query Systems, March 1995 (to appear).
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages, VPL-IV.D: Translators, VPL-V.B: Database languages, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Schuerr, Andreas, Introduction to PROGRES, an Attribute Graph Grammar Based Specification Language, Proc. WG'89 Workshop on Graphtheoretic Concepts in Computer Science, LNCS 411, (Nagl M., ed.), Springer Verlag, 151-165, 1989.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages

Schuerr, Andreas, PROGRES: A VHL-Language Based on Graph Grammars, Proc. 4th Int. Workshop on Graph-Grammars and Their Application to Computer Science, LNCS 532, Springer Verlag, 641-659, 1991. also: Technical Report AIB 90-16, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages

Schuerr, Andreas, Rapid Programming with Graph Rewrite Rules, USENIX Symposium Proc. on Very High Level Languages (VHLL), USENIX Association, 83-100, 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages

Schuerr, Andreas, A. Zuendorf, Nondeterministic Control Structures for Graph Rewriting Systems, Proc. WG'91 Workshop in Graph-theoretic Concepts in Computer Science, LNCS 570, Springer Verlag, 48-62, 1991. also: Technical Report AIB 91-17, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.6: Imperative languages, VPL-II.A.8: Multi-paradigm languages, VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages


VPL-II.B.2: Iconic languages


Glinert, Ephraim P. and Charles D. Norton, Novis: A Visual Laboratory for Exploring the Design of Processor Arrays, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Vol. 3, Number 2, 135-159, June 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: Novis, VPL-II.A.1: Concurrent languages, VPL-II.B.2: Iconic languages, VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches, VPL-VI.C.6: Visual representation issues

Norton, Charles D. and Ephraim P. Glinert, A Visual Environment for Designing and Simulating Execution of Processor Arrays, 1990 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Skokie, Illinois, 227-232, October 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: Novis, VPL-II.A.1: Concurrent languages, VPL-II.B.2: Iconic languages, VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches, VPL-VI.C.6: Visual representation issues


VPL.II.B.3: Languages based on static pictorial sequences


Chang, S. K., M. F. Costabile and S. Levialdi, A Framework for Intelligent Visual Interface Design for Database Systems, International Workshop on Interfaces to Database Systems, IDS92, Glasgow, 377-391, 1992. (published by Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1992).
Keywords and Phrases: User model features, user classification, VPL-II.B.3: Languages based on static pictorial sequences, VPL-VI.C.2: Effective use of screen real estate

VPL-III: Language Features



VPL-III.A: Abstraction


Burnett, Margaret M. and Allen L. Ambler, Generalizing Event Detection and Response in Visual Programming Languages, 1992 Proceedings of Advanced Visual Interfaces International Workshop, Rome, Italy, May 27-29, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.A: Abstraction, VPL-III.E: Event handling

Burnett, Margaret M. and Allen L. Ambler, A Declarative Approach to Event-Handling in Visual Programming Languages, 1992 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Seattle, WA, 34-40, Sept. 15-18, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.A: Abstraction, VPL-III.E: Event handling


VPL-III.A.1: Data abstraction


Burnett, Margaret M. and Allen L. Ambler, Interactive Visual Data Abstraction in a Declarative Visual Programming Language, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 29-60, March 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.A.1: Data abstraction, VPL-III.E: Event handling

VPL-III.A.2: Procedural abstraction


Koelma, D., R. van Balen, and A. Smeulders, SCIL-VP: a multi-purpose visual programming environment, Proceedings of the 1992 ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, 1188-1198, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.3: Data-flow languages, VPL-III.A.2: Procedural abstraction, VPL-VI.C.4: Scope

VPL-III.B: Control flow


Ambler, Allen L. and Margaret M. Burnett, Visual Languages and the Conflict Between Single Assignment and Iteration, 1989 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Rome, Italy, 138-143, Oct. 1989.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/2, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.B: Control flow

Ambler, Allen L. and Margaret M. Burnett, Visual Forms of Iteration that Preserve Single Assignment, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 1(2), Academic Press, June 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/2, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.B: Control flow


VPL-III.C: Data types and structures



VPL-III.D: Documentation



VPL-III.E Event handling


Burnett, Margaret M. and Allen L. Ambler, Generalizing Event Detection and Response in Visual Programming Languages, 1992 Proceedings of Advanced Visual Interfaces International Workshop, Rome, Italy, May 27-29, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.A: Abstraction, VPL-III.E: Event handling

Burnett, Margaret M. and Allen L. Ambler, A Declarative Approach to Event-Handling in Visual Programming Languages, 1992 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Seattle, WA, 34-40, Sept. 15-18, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.A: Abstraction, VPL-III.E: Event handling

Burnett, Margaret M. and Allen L. Ambler, Interactive Visual Data Abstraction in a Declarative Visual Programming Language, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 29-60, March 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.A.1: Data abstraction, VPL-III.E: Event handling


VPL-III.F: Exception handling


van Zee, P. and M. Burnett, Exception Handling in the Visual Programming Language Forms/3, Oregon State University, Dept. of Computer Science, TR 95-60-1, March 1995.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-III.A.F: Exception handling

VPL-IV: Language Implementation Issues



VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches (e.g. demand-driven, data driven)


Glinert, Ephraim P. and Charles D. Norton, Novis: A Visual Laboratory for Exploring the Design of Processor Arrays, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Vol. 3, Number 2, 135-159, June 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: Novis, VPL-II.A.1: Concurrent languages, VPL-II.B.2: Iconic languages, VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches, VPL-VI.C.6: Visual representation issues

Jourdas, C. and M. Mainguenaud, A Query Resolution Model to Manage Networks : Application to an Extended Relational DBMS, 2nd European Geographical Information System Conference, Brussels, Belgium, April 2-5, 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches

Mainguenaud, M., Is an Extended Relational DBMS Powerful Enough to Deal with Network Applications, 1st European Geographical Information System Conference, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, April 9-13, 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches

Mainguenaud, M., What is Happening after the Definition of an End-user Query?, 3rd European Geographical Information System Conference, Munich, Germany, March 23-26, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches

Mainguenaud, M., The Results of Geographical Information System Queries, IEEE/CS Visual Languages '93, Bergen, Norway, August 25-27, 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches

Norton, Charles D. and Ephraim P. Glinert, A Visual Environment for Designing and Simulating Execution of Processor Arrays, 1990 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Skokie, Illinois, 227-232, October 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: Novis, VPL-II.A.1: Concurrent languages, VPL-II.B.2: Iconic languages, VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches, VPL-VI.C.6: Visual representation issues


VPL-IV.B: Efficiency


Burnett, Margaret M. and Allen L. Ambler, Efficiency Issues in a Class of Visual Languages, 1990 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Skokie, IL, October 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/2, VPL-IV.B: Efficiency

VPL-IV.C: Parsing


Lakin, Fred, Spatial Parsing for Visual Languages, Visual Languages, (Shi-Kuo Chang, Tadao Ichikawa, and Panos. A. Ligomenides, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1986.
Keywords and Phrases: executable graphics, spatial parsing, formal visual languages, informal conversational graphics, visual lisp, visual emacs, vmacs, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs, VPL-IV.D: Translators (interpreters and compilers)

Lakin, Fred, Visual Grammars for Visual Languages, Proceedings of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, Washington, July 1987.
Keywords and Phrases: visual grammar notation, declarative programming, visual rules, formal visual languages, informal conversational graphics, visual lisp, visual emacs, vmacs, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs, VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages

Meyer, Bernd, Pictures Depicting Pictures - On the Specification of Visual Languages by Visual Grammars, Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Seattle, WA, 41-48, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Meyer, Bernd, Beyond Icons: Towards New Metaphors for Visual Query Languages for Spatial Information Systems, Computer Science Research Report No. 127, (Informatik Bericht Nr. 127), University of Hagen, Germany, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Meyer, Bernd, Deklarative Spezifikation visueller Sprachen durch graphische Beispiele oder: Ein Bild sagt mehr als tausend Formeln, 23. GI Jahrestagung, (Horst Reichel, ed.), (in German), Dresden, Germany, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 316-321, October 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Meyer, Bernd, Logic and the Structure of Space Towards a Visual Logic for Spatial Reasoning, Proceedings of the International Logic Programming Symposium, Vancouver, Canada, October 1993, (to appear). (published by MIT Press, 1993).
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs


VPL-IV.D Translators (interpreters and compilers)


Lakin, Fred, Computing with Text-Graphic Forms, Proceedings of the LISP Conference, Stanford University, August 1980.
Keywords and Phrases: computing with text-graphic forms, visual pattern manipulation language, visual lisp, VPL-II.A.5: Functional languages, VPL-V.A: General-purpose languages, VPL-IV.D: Translators (interpreters and compilers)

Lakin, Fred, Spatial Parsing for Visual Languages, Visual Languages, (Shi-Kuo Chang, Tadao Ichikawa, and Panos. A. Ligomenides, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1986.
Keywords and Phrases: executable graphics, spatial parsing, formal visual languages, informal conversational graphics, visual lisp, visual emacs, vmacs, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs, VPL-IV.D: Translators (interpreters and compilers)

Mainguenaud, M., From the User Interface to the Database Management System : Application to a Geographical Information System, 5th International Conference on Human Computer Interaction, Orlando, USA, August 8-13, 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-IV.D: Translators (interpreters and compilers)

Papantonakis, Anthony, Peter J.H. King, Syntax and Semantics of Gql, a Graphical Query Language, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Special issue on Visual Query Systems, March 1995 (to appear).
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages, VPL-IV.D: Translators, VPL-V.B: Database languages, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Zuendorf A., Implementation of the Imperative/Rule Based Language PROGRES, Technical Report AIB 92-38, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-IV.D: Translators

Zuendorf A., A Heuristic Solution for the (Sub-) GraphIsomorphism Problem in Executing PROGRES, Technical Report AIB 93-5, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1993. Keywords and Phrases: VPL-IV.D: Translators


VPL-V: Language Purpose



VPL-V.A: General-purpose languages


Harvey, N. and J. Morris, NL: A General Purpose Visual Dataflow Language, Technical Report, University of Tasmania, October 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.3: Data-flow languages, VPL-V.A: General-purpose languages

Lakin, Fred, Computing with Text-Graphic Forms, Proceedings of the LISP Conference, Stanford University, August 1980.
Keywords and Phrases: computing with text-graphic forms, visual pattern manipulation language, visual lisp, VPL-II.A.5: Functional languages, VPL-V.A: General-purpose languages, VPL-IV.D: Translators (interpreters and compilers)


VPL-V.B: Database languages


Batini, C, T. Catarci, M. F. Costabile and S. Levialdi, On Visual Representations for Database Query Systems, Proceedings of the Interface to Real and Virtual Worlds Conference, Montpellier, France, 273-283, March 22-26, 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: visual structures and taxonomy, visual queries, VPL-V.B: Database languages,VPL-VI: Theory of VPLs

Catarci, T., S. K. Chang, M. F. Costabile, S. Levialdi and G. S. Santucci, An Adaptive Visual Interface for Database Querying, PD-Vol49, Computer Applications and Design Abstraction, ASME, (D. E. Cooke and M. M. Tanik, eds.), Houston, 75-85, 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: user model, graph model, atomic query, visual interface, VPL-V.B: Database languages, VPL-VI.B: Icon theory

Catarci, T., S. K. Chang, M. F. Costabile, S. Levialdi and G. S. Santucci, A Multiparadigmatic Visual Environment for Adaptive Access to Databases, Proceedings of 1993 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, INTERCHI '93, Amsterdam, 11-12, April 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: visual queries, adaptive interface, atomic query, VPL-V.B: Database languages, VPL-VI.C: Language design issues

Lakin, Fred, Visual Languages for Cooperation, NSF workshop on Technology and Cooperative Work, Tucson, Arizona, February 1988; reprinted as a chapter in Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technical Bases of Collaborative Work, (Carmen Egido, Jolene Galegher, and Robert Kraut, eds.), Lawrence Erlbaum Publishers, 453-488, 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: text-graphic query, visual languages for collaborative work, task structure diagrams, visual lisp, visual emacs, vmacs, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages, VPL-V.B: Database languages

Mainguenaud, M., The Semantics of Geographical Database Query Language, 4th European Geographical Information System Conference, Genoa, Italy, March/April 29-1, 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-V.B: Database languages

Mainguenaud, M., J. L. Raffy, and X. T. Simatic, Graph Manipulations for Network Oriented Management : Application to a Telecommunication Network, 14th Uraban Data Management Symposium, Odense, Denmark, May 29-31, 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-V.B: Database languages

Mainguenaud, M. and X. T. Simatic, A Data Model to Deal with Multi-Scaled Networks, IGU-UGI Conference on Multi-Scale and Multi-Use, Brno, Czechoslovakia, also published in Computer, Environment and Urban Systems, 16, 281-288, April 22-25, 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-V.B: Database languages

Meyer, Bernd, Beyond Icons: Towards New Metaphors for Visual Query Languages for Spatial Information Systems, Proceedings of the International Workshop on Interfaces to Database Systems, Glasgow, 113-135, July 1992. (published by Springer, London, 1993).
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages, VPL-V.B: Database languages

Papantonakis, Anthony, Peter J.H. King, Gql, a Declarative Graphical Query Language Based on the Functional Data Model, Proceedings of the Workshop on Advanced Visual Interfaces AVI 1994, Bari Italy, (T.Catarci,M. Costabile, S. Levialdi, G. Santucci, eds.), ACM Press, 113-122, 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages, VPL-V.B: Database languages

Papantonakis, Anthony, Peter J.H. King, Syntax and Semantics of Gql, a Graphical Query Language, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Special issue on Visual Query Systems, March 1995 (to appear).
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages, VPL-IV.D: Translators, VPL-V.B: Database languages, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs


VPL-V.C: Image-processing languages



VPL-V.D: Scientific visualization languages


Burnett, Margaret, Richard Hossli, Timothy Pulliam, Brian VanVoorst, and Xiaoyang Yang, Toward Visual Programming Languages for Steering in Scientific Visualization: a Taxonomy, CS-TR 92-12, Michigan Technological University, December 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL: Visual Programming Languages, VPL-V.D: Scientific visualization languages

VPL-V.E: User-interface generation languages


Cordy, James R. and T. C. Nicholas Graham, GVL: Visual Specification of Graphical Output, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, 3, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.5: Functional languages, VPL-V.E: User-interface generation languages

Graham, T. C. Nicholas and Tore Urnes, Relational Views as a Model for Automatic Distributed Implementation of Multi-User Applications, Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, Toronto, October 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.5: Functional languages, VPL-V.E: User-interface generation languages


VPL-VI: Theory of VPLs


Batini, C, T. Catarci, M. F. Costabile and S. Levialdi, On Visual Representations for Database Query Systems, Proceedings of the Interface to Real and Virtual Worlds Conference, Montpellier, France, 273-283, March 22-26, 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: visual structures and taxonomy, visual queries, VPL-V: Language Purpose, VPL-VI: Theory of VPLs

VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs


Lakin, Fred, Spatial Parsing for Visual Languages, Visual Languages, (Shi-Kuo Chang, Tadao Ichikawa, and Panos. A. Ligomenides, eds.), Plenum Press, New York, 1986.
Keywords and Phrases: executable graphics, spatial parsing, formal visual languages, informal conversational graphics, visual lisp, visual emacs, vmacs, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs, VPL-IV.D: Translators (interpreters and compilers)

Lakin, Fred, Visual Grammars for Visual Languages, Proceedings of the American Association for Artificial Intelligence, Seattle, Washington, July 1987.
Keywords and Phrases: visual grammar notation, declarative programming, visual rules, formal visual languages, informal conversational graphics, visual lisp, visual emacs, vmacs, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs, VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages

Meyer, Bernd, Pictures Depicting Pictures - On the Specification of Visual Languages by Visual Grammars, Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Seattle, WA, 41-48, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Meyer, Bernd, Beyond Icons: Towards New Metaphors for Visual Query Languages for Spatial Information Systems, Computer Science Research Report No. 127, (Informatik Bericht Nr. 127), University of Hagen, Germany, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Meyer, Bernd, Deklarative Spezifikation visueller Sprachen durch graphische Beispiele oder: Ein Bild sagt mehr als tausend Formeln, 23. GI Jahrestagung, (Horst Reichel, ed.), (in German), Dresden, Germany, Springer Verlag, Berlin, 316-321, October 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Meyer, Bernd, Logic and the Structure of Space Towards a Visual Logic for Spatial Reasoning, Proceedings of the International Logic Programming Symposium, Vancouver, Canada, October 1993, (to appear). (published by MIT Press, 1993).
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.7: Logic languages, VPL-IV.C: Parsing, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Papantonakis, Anthony, Peter J.H. King, Syntax and Semantics of Gql, a Graphical Query Language, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Special issue on Visual Query Systems, March 1995 (to appear).
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.B.1: Diagrammatic languages, VPL-IV.D: Translators, VPL-V.B: Database languages, VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Raymond, Darrell R., Characterizing Visual Languages, IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Kobe, Japan, 176-182, October 9-11, 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Schuerr, Andreas, Logic Based Structure Rewriting Systems, Proc. Dagstuhl- Seminar 9301 on Graph Transformation in Computer Science, LNCS 776, Springer Verlag, 341-357, 1994. also: Technical Report AIB 94-13, RWTH Aachen, Germany, 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs

Schuerr, Andreas, Operational Specifications with Programmed Graph Rewriting Systems (in German), Dissertation, RWTH Aachen, Deutscher Universitaetsverlag, Germany, 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-VI.A: Formal definition of VPLs


VPL-VI.B: Icon theory


Catarci, T., S. K. Chang, M. F. Costabile, S. Levialdi and G. S. Santucci, An Adaptive Visual Interface for Database Querying, PD-Vol49, Computer Applications and Design Abstraction, ASME, (D. E. Cooke and M. M. Tanik, eds.), Houston, 75-85, 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: user model, graph model, atomic query, visual interface, VPL-V.B: Database languages, VPL-VI.B: Icon theory

Levialdi, S., P. Mussio, M. Protti and L. Tosoni, Reflections on Icons, IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Bergen, Norway, 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: surface, navigational structure, icon definition, paratext, VPL-VI.B: Icon theory

Repenning, A., Bending Icons: Syntactic and Semantic Transformation of Icons, Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, St. Louis, MO, 296-303, October 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-VI.B: Icon theory


VPL-VI.C: Language design issues


Burnett, M., M. Baker, C. Bohus, P. Carlson, S. Yang, and P. van Zee, Scaling Up Visual Programming Languages, Computer, 45-54, March 1995.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-VI.C: Language design issues

Catarci, T., S. K. Chang, M. F. Costabile, S. Levialdi and G. S. Santucci, A Multiparadigmatic Visual Environment for Adaptive Access to Databases, Proceedings of 1993 Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, INTERCHI '93, Amsterdam, 11-12, April 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: visual queries, adaptive interface, atomic query, VPL-V.B: Database languages, VPL-VI.C: Language design issues

Levialdi, S., Using images: two case studies, On Representation: relationship between images and languages, (Carlo Bernardelli and Stefano Levialdi, eds.), World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte Ltd, Singapore, (to appear).
Keywords and Phrases: images and icons, communication, modelling, working environment, VPL-VI.C: Language design issues


VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues (e.g. usability studies, graphical perception)


Bell, B., Using Programming Walkthroughs to Design a Visual Language, Ph.D. Thesis, Tech. Report CU-CS-581-92, University of Colorado, February 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Bell, B., J. Rieman, C. Lewis, Usability Testing of a Graphical Programming System: Things we missed in a programming walkthrough. Proceedings of CHI'91, New Orleans, 7-13, April 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.11: Rule-based languages, VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Catarci, T., M. F. Costabile and S. Levialdi, eds., Advanced Visual Interfaces, Proceedings of the International Workshop AVI '92, Rome, World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte Ltd, Singapore, December 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: Visual interfaces, user, icon design, VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Pandey, Rajeev and Margaret Burnett, Is It Easier to Write Matrix Manipulation Programs Visually or Textually? An Empirical Study, 1993 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Bergen, Norway, August 24-27, 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-II.A.4: Form-based and spreadsheet-based languages, VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Repenning, A. and W. Citrin, Agentsheets: Applying Grid-Based Spatial Reasoning to Human-Computer Interaction, 1993 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Bergen, Norway, 77-82, August 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Repenning, A., Creating User Interfaces with Agentsheets, 1991 Symposium on Applied Computing, Kansas City, MO,190-196, 1991.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Repenning, A., Agentsheets: A Tool for Building Domain-Oriented Dynamic, Visual Environments, University of Colorado at Boulder, Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Department of Computer Science, 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Repenning, A., Programming Substrates to Create Interactive Learning Environments, Journal of Interactive Learning Environments, Special Issue on End-User Environments, Vol. 4, 45-74, 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Repenning, A. and T. Sumner, Using Agentsheets to Create a Voice Dialog Design Environment, Proceedings of the 1992 ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, Kansas City, MO, 1199-1207, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Repenning, A. and T. Sumner, Programming as Problem Solving: A Participatory Theater Approach, Workshop on Advanced Visual Interfaces '94, Bari, Italy, 182-191, 1994.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues

Repenning, A. and T. Sumner, Agentsheets: A Medium for Creating Domain-Oriented Visual Languages, Computer, Vol. 28, 17-25, March 1995.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-VI.C.1: Cognitive and user-interface design issues


VPL-VI.C.2: Effective use of screen real estate


Chang, S. K., M. F. Costabile and S. Levialdi, A Framework for Intelligent Visual Interface Design for Database Systems, International Workshop on Interfaces to Database Systems, IDS92, Glasgow, 377-391, 1992. (published by Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 1992).
Keywords and Phrases: User model features, user classification, VPL-II.B.3: Languages based on static pictorial sequences, VPL-VI.C.2: Effective use of screen real estate

VPL-VI.C.3: Liveness



VPL-VI.C.4: Scope


Koelma, D., R. van Balen, and A. Smeulders, SCIL-VP: a multi-purpose visual programming environment, Proceedings of the 1992 ACM/SIGAPP Symposium on Applied Computing, 1188-1198, 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: VPL-II.A.3: Data-flow languages, VPL-III.A.2: Procedural abstraction, VPL-VI.C.4: Scope

VPL-VI.C.5: Type checking and type theory


Burnett, Margaret, Types and Type Inference in a Visual Programming Language, 1993 IEEE Symposium on Visual Languages, Bergen, Norway, August 24-27, 1993.
Keywords and Phrases: Forms/3, VPL-VI.C.5: Type checking and type theory

VPL-VI.C.6: Visual representation issues (e.g. static representation, animation)


Glinert, Ephraim P. and Charles D. Norton, Novis: A Visual Laboratory for Exploring the Design of Processor Arrays, Journal of Visual Languages and Computing, Vol. 3, Number 2, 135-159, June 1992.
Keywords and Phrases: Novis, VPL-II.A.1: Concurrent languages, VPL-II.B.2: Iconic languages, VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches, VPL-VI.C.6: Visual representation issues

Norton, Charles D. and Ephraim P. Glinert, A Visual Environment for Designing and Simulating Execution of Processor Arrays, 1990 IEEE Workshop on Visual Languages, Skokie, Illinois, 227-232, October 1990.
Keywords and Phrases: Novis, VPL-II.A.1: Concurrent languages, VPL-II.B.2: Iconic languages, VPL-IV.A: Computational approaches, VPL-VI.C.6: Visual representation issues